VI. Student Educational Records

    Since student educational records often contain confidential information such as grades, disciplinary history, and medical history, it is important for parents to understand what procedures school districts must follow when disclosing educational records either with or without parental consent. This section will provide parents with an overview of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), the primary federal legislation guiding schools in the disclosure of student educational records.
    The first part of this section will touch upon the rights of parents to access their own child’s educational records, including restrictions on this right, and the right of parents and students to amend their educational records. Beyond outlining the respective rights of parents and students to access their records, FERPA also touches upon the confidentiality to be afforded these educational records. While schools cannot generally disclose information within the student educational records without parental or student consent, parents should be aware that there are several exceptions to this rule, which we will also discuss. We will then conclude with a discussion on the general obligations of the school or district to notify parents and students about their rights under FERPA. 

What materials are considered “educational records?”

    The U.S. Congress has defined “educational records” as records, files, documents, or any other materials that (1) contain information related to the student; and (2) are maintained by an educational institution or by a person acting on behalf of such an institution.148 While the definition is broad, the legislation also spells out what material is excluded from the definition. Under the Act, a record that teachers or other school employees maintain in their sole possession is not considered an educational record. In addition, records of law enforcement authorities in the school, records of a student who is eighteen years or older that are maintained by a physician, psychiatrist, psychologist, or records in connection with the treatment of a student, do not fall under the definition.149 
    
What are the rights of parents and students to access educational records?

    Under FERPA, parents and students have the right to access their educational records, subject to a few limitations. Parents may exercise these rights while the student is a child, and the right extends to the student once he or she turns eighteen.150 Nevertheless, at this stage, parents still have the right to access the records without consent from the student provided the student is listed as a dependent on a parent’s federal income tax return.151  
    Under the statute, each school must develop appropriate procedures for granting requests by parents for educational records within a reasonable timeframe, not to exceed forty-five days.152 In addition, the U.S. Department of Education calls for schools to respond to reasonable requests for explanations or interpretations of the records also within a reasonable time.153 If circumstances prevent parents or eligible students from exercising their right to access the records, the school must either provide the parent or student with copies of the requested documents or make alternative arrangements for them to review the education records.154 Finally, the regulations prohibit the school from destroying records if there is an outstanding request for them.155
    There are, however, two important limitations to this right of review. First, if information about another student is on the educational record, the parent can review only the portion of the record pertaining to his or her child.156 Second, while non-custodial parents generally can review their child’s records without consent from the student or other parent, a school must deny such a request if there is a court order, state statute, or legally binding document explicitly revoking the right.157 

How do parents and students request to amend students’ educational records?

    If a parent believes that his or her child’s educational records are inaccurate, misleading, or in violation of students’ rights to privacy, the parent may request that the school amend the record.158 The school must decide whether to move forward with this request within a reasonable time.159 If it opts not to carry out the request, then it has to inform the parent or eligible student of its decision and his or her right to an informal hearing to contest the decision.160 
    The DOE has set forth minimum requirements for the conduct of such a hearing. The school must hold the hearing within a reasonable time after the request and notify the parent or student of the date, time, and place, reasonably in advance of the proceeding.161 While an individual from an educational agency or institution may preside over the hearing, he or she must not have a direct interest in the outcome of the case.162 In terms of the hearing itself, DOE simply requires that the contesting party must have a full and fair opportunity to present evidence relevant to the issue at hand.163 The regulations provide that parents or eligible students have the right to be represented by an individual at his or her expense, including an attorney.164 As with other administrative proceedings, the hearing officer can only consider evidence that was presented during the hearing.165
    If the hearing officer decides in favor of the parent or eligible student, the school must amend the record accordingly, and inform the requesting party of this decision.166 On the other hand, if the hearing officer decides that the educational record is not inaccurate or misleading, parents have the right to put forth a statement in the record commenting on the contested information and why he or she disagrees with the decision of the school.167 The school has to keep the statement in the record as long as the record is maintained and must disclose the statement whenever it discloses the record to which the statement refers to. 168 

When can a school disclose information regarding your child’s educational records?

    Generally, schools cannot disclose to a third party information about the student from the educational records without signed and written consent from the parent or the eligible student.169 The signed and dated written consent may include a signature in electronic form provided it identifies the person giving the electronic consent and indicates his or her approval of the information contained within the consent.170 The written consent must specify which records are to be disclosed, state the reason for the disclosure, and identify the individual or organization to which the disclosure is being made.171 The school is obligated upon request to provide parents or eligible students with copies of the records that are to be disclosed.172 

When can a school disclose information without parental or student consent?

    While FERPA provides extensive confidentiality protections for parents and students with respect to their educational records, there are several exceptions permitting the school to disclose the records without prior consent. For example, the school can disclose information to school officials having a legitimate educational interest in reviewing the record.173 School officials having such an educational interest include teachers and school employees that work directly with the student as well as attorneys for the school district. The right to disclosure may also extend to outside consultants, contractors, volunteers, and other parties that have contracted with the school provided they (1) perform a service for which the school would otherwise use employees; (2) are under the direct control of the school in the use and review of the records; and (3) will not disclose the information to an unauthorized party.174 Regardless of the source of the request, the school must take appropriate measures to ensure that these parties review only those records in which they have a legitimate educational interest.175 
    The school does not need consent when it is disclosing information to state and local officials who are using the records to conduct audits, evaluations, and compliance reviews of specific educational programs.176 The school can also disclose to organizations that are contracting with the school to develop and administer predictive tests, administer aid programs and improve classroom instruction.177 Under the statute, the term “organizations” includes federal, state and local agencies, and independent organizations.178
    Congress has nevertheless imposed some restrictions to ensure these organizations are properly using the record. First, the written agreement between the school and the organization must specify the purpose, scope and duration of the studies, the information that is to be disclosed and contain assurances from the organization that it uses the records only for its intended purpose.179 Second, when conducting the studies, only representatives of the organization that have a legitimate interest in the information can access the records.180 Finally, once the organization completes the study, it has to destroy or return to the school all personally identifiable information.181 To ensure that schools comply with these requirements, the U.S. Department of Education has the authority to prohibit an institution from disclosing information to a third-party organization for five years if it makes a determination that the school violated the provisions outlined above.182
    If a student is intending to enroll or transfer to another school in a different district, the “receiving school” may access the educational records from the “sending school” without parental or student consent unless there is a board policy prohibiting the transfer of records. However, under Connecticut law, the receiving school must send written notification to the sending school at the time the student enrolls there. The sending school then has ten days after the written notification to send all the student’s educational records to the receiving school.183 If the sending school does disclose confidential information under these circumstances, it must make a reasonable attempt to notify the parent or the student at his or her last known address.184 However, schools do not have to carry out this notification task if (1) the parent or student initiated the disclosure, or (2) the school specifies a policy in its annual notification of forwarding a student’s records to the receiving school when that student enrolls there.185 In any event, the school has to provide copies of the disclosed records to the parent or student and an opportunity for a hearing if he or she wants to amend the records.186
    School officials may disclose information pursuant to a court order or subpoena.187 In doing so, the school has to make reasonable attempts to notify the parent or student about the order or subpoena in advance of the disclosure, so the parent or student has an opportunity to challenge the subpoena or court order.188 On a related note, if the school is defending or pursuing a legal action by or against a parent, it can disclose relevant student records without a court order, subpoena or prior parental or student consent.189
    Similarly, the school can disclose student information to state and local authorities without written consent if the disclosure is related to the juvenile justice system’s ability to serve that student and a particular state statute permits such an action.190 If the pertinent state statute was adopted after November 19, 1974, the authorities who are requesting the student records must certify in writing to the school that they will not disclose the information to any party that is not authorized by state law.191  
    The school can also disclose confidential information in emergencies if the information is necessary to protect the health and safety of the student or other individuals.192 Parents should be aware that the school has the statutory authority to disclose confidential student records to teachers and school officials within the school and at other schools if they have a legitimate interest in the behavior of the student. The statute also permits the school to disclose information to any other individual whose knowledge of the information is necessary to protect the student and any other individuals.193
    Finally, the school can disclose “directory information” without consent if it has provided public notice to parents or eligible students attending the school.194 “Directory information” means any information in an educational record of the student that would not generally be harmful or an invasion of privacy if disclosed. Examples of directory information include the student’s name, address, phone listing, e-mail address, photograph, date and place of birth, major field of study, grade level, enrollment status, dates of attendance, participation in activities and sports, degrees, honors and awards received, etc.195 DOE has outlined requirements for what type of information must be in the public notice. First, the notice has to contain the types of personally identifiable information that the school has designated as directory information. Second, the school has to spell out the parent’s or the eligible student’s right to refuse to let the school disclose such information and the period of time within which he or she has to notify the school.196

What can I do if my child’s school is violating a provision of FERPA?

    If a parent or eligible student believes that the school has violated the Act, he or she can file a written complaint with the Family Policy Compliance Office, which is within the U.S. Department of Education.197 The Office is responsible for investigating, processing and reviewing complaints and providing technical assistance to ensure compliance with the Act.198 A parent or student must file the complaint with the Office within 180 days of the date of the alleged violation or the date that the he or she knew or should have known about the alleged violation.199 In the complaint itself, the filing party has to spell out the underlying facts that led the party to believe that a violation occurred.200
    Once the complaint has been filed, the Office will notify the complainant and the school if it decides to investigate the alleged violation.201 In terms of the notice to the school, the Office has to include the substance of the allegations and direct the school to submit a formal written response and other relevant information within a specified period of time.202 If the Office decides that more information is necessary before moving forward in the investigation, it may request the parties to submit further written or oral information.203
    After the investigation, the Office will send both the complainant and the school a written notice of its findings and the reasons for its decision.204 If the Office decides the school violated a provision of the Act, it must spell out in the written notice the specific steps the school has to take to comply with the legislation and give the school a reasonable timeframe for voluntary compliance.205 However, if the school still refuses to comply, the DOE is authorized to take any available legal action, including withholding payments to the school, compelling compliance through a cease and desist order, or terminating any funding granted to the school.206 

What are some other obligations of the school?

    Aside from the school privacy responsibilities mentioned above, the school must also notify parents or eligible students annually about the various rights and procedures outlined in the Act. The notice must inform parents and eligible students about rights and procedures to access student records, amend information within the records, and notify the U.S. Department of Education if they believe that a school has violated the Act. In addition, the notice must inform parents that schools cannot disclose information without consent unless such disclosure falls within one of the exceptions mentioned above.207 Finally, the school must specify criteria for determining who constitutes a “school official” and what constitutes a “legitimate educational interest” if it has a policy of allowing such individuals to access student records without consent.208

VII. Your Child’s Attendance Requirements and Residency Status

    The following will provide you with the pertinent laws and procedures regarding your child’s attendance at school and residency status. The first part of this section will describe the mandatory attendance requirements that the State of Connecticut requires students to adhere to and potential penalties if your child fails to meet these requirements. The second part of this section will provide you with basic information regarding how your child’s residency plays a role in where they may attend school. This section will further describe available hearing procedures if your child is determined to be an ineligible resident.
    If there are any issues that may arise between yourself and the school district regarding your child’s school attendance or a dispute pertaining to the residency status of your child, please contact one of our attorneys at Maya Murphy, P.C. 

Attendance
    
    As a parent, you are responsible for ensuring that your child is regularly attending school. Attendance is basic to your child’s ability to obtain a proper education. Much of what your child learns is presented to them in the classroom setting. Your child’s daily attendance will expose them to other learning processes that will help them in continuing to grow and learn. Connecticut law states, “parents and those who have the care of children shall bring them up in some lawful and honest employment and instruct them or cause them to be instructed in reading, writing, spelling, English grammar, geography, arithmetic and United States history and in citizenship, including the study of the town, state and federal governments.” 209
    If your child is over the age of five (5) and under the age of eighteen (18) you must ensure that he or she attends public school regularly during the normal operating hours of the school district in which your child resides. If your child is a high school graduate or as a parent you are able to demonstrate that your child is receiving instruction in the appropriate studies equivalent to that taught in public school (e.g. homeschooling, private school) then your child will be excused from this mandatory attendance requirement.210 Please note, that if your child attends private school there are certain attendance requirements that will be discussed in further detail below.

Is my child permitted to withdraw from attending school?

    As of July 1, 2011, and each school year thereafter, a parent or other person having control of a child who is at least seventeen (17) years of age, may consent to their child’s withdrawal from attending school. As a parent you must personally appear at your child’s school district’s office and sign a withdrawal form. The withdrawal form must also be signed by a guidance counselor or school administrator who is employed by your child’s school district indicating that you, the parent, were provided with information regarding educational options available in your child’s school system and the community.211
    If your child has voluntarily terminated his or her enrollment in school with your consent and subsequently seeks readmission, the board of education of your child’s school district may deny school accommodations to your child for up to ninety (90) school days following your child’s withdrawal, unless, your child seeks to be readmitted within ten (10) school days after his or her withdrawal. In this case, the school board must readmit your child within three (3) school days.212 

What is the maximum age at which I must enroll my child in school?

    A parent has the option to exempt a child from attending school until the age of seven (7) provided the parent appears at the child’s school district’s office and sign an option to exempt form. The school district must provide you with information regarding the educational opportunities that would be available to your child if you were to enroll him or her in public school as early as the age of five (5).213 An option form must be signed for each year you decide not to enroll a child below the age of seven (7) in public school.

Is there a penalty for failing to comply with the mandatory attendance requirements?

    Failure as a parent to comply with the requirement that your child attend public school (absent alternative means of instruction) is a violation of law. If your child fails to attend school as required you are subject to a fine not to exceed twenty-five (25) dollars per day. A penalty will not be imposed if it appears that your child is destitute of clothing suitable for attending school and as a parent you are unable to provide proper clothing for your child to attend school.214  

Am I responsible for the mandatory attendance requirements if my child attends private school?

    As a parent you are still required to comply with the mandatory attendance laws set forth above if your child attends private school. Private schools must submit school attendance reports to the Commissioner of Education. The Commissioner of Education provides teachers and other school personnel at your child’s private school with the forms needed to establish compliance with the mandatory attendance provisions.215 If your child’s attendance reports are not satisfactory, a complaint may be filed in the Connecticut Superior Court by the superintendent of the school district in which you and your child reside. 

What is a Truant?

    Your child may, on occasion, be excused from school for good reason, such as illness, where a written notice from your child’s doctor should be provided to the child’s school. Unexcused absences may violate the mandatory attendance laws.
    Connecticut law defines a “truant” as a child age five (5) to eighteen (18) who is enrolled in public or private school and has four (4) unexcused absences from school in any one month or ten (10) unexcused absences from school in any one year.216 A “habitual truant” is a child between the ages of five (5) and eighteen (18) who is enrolled in private or public school and has twenty (20) unexcused absences within one school year. Cities and towns may adopt their own ordinances concerning children who are found on the streets or in other public places during school hours. The police may detain your child and return the child to school if he or she is found to be a habitual truant. 217

What are the policies and procedures my child’s school may adopt concerning truancy?

    Your local board of education must adopt and implement policies and procedures concerning truants, which must include: 
    (a). The holding of a meeting with you and your truant child and appropriate school personnel to review and evaluate     the reasons for your child’s truancy, provided such meeting is held no later than ten (10) school days after your     child's fourth unexcused absence in any month or tenth unexcused absence in a school year.
    (b). Coordinating services with referrals of children to community agencies providing child and family services. 
    (c). Notifying you annually at the beginning of the school year and upon any enrollment during the school year, as a     parent having control of a child enrolled in a public school grade from kindergarten to eight, in writing of the     obligations you have as a parent.
    (d). Obtaining from you annually at the beginning of the school year and upon any enrollment during the school year,     as a parent of a child in a grade from kindergarten to eight, a telephone number or other means of contact.
    (e). A system of monitoring individual unexcused absences of children in grades kindergarten to eight, ensuring that     whenever a child fails to report to school on a regularly scheduled school day and no indication has been received     by school personnel that you, the parent, are aware of his or her absence, that a reasonable effort is made by     school personnel or volunteers under the direction of school personnel to notify you, by telephone.218 

What if as a parent or guardian I fail to comply with the school policies and procedures regarding truancy?

    If a parent fails to attend a truancy meeting regarding your child’s truant status or cooperate with the school to attempt to solve he truancy problem, then the superintendent of your school district must file a written complaint with the Connecticut Superior Court.219
     The board of education overseeing your child’s school may appoint an individual or group of individuals authorized to prosecute violations of school attendance laws. The appointee is authorized to investigate the absence or irregular attendance of your child, to cause your child to attend school regularly if they are absent or irregularly in attendance and prosecute cases for violation of the mandatory attendance laws.220 These appointees will report their findings to your child’s school principal or superintendent, who based on these findings, may be required to file a written complaint in Connecticut Superior Court. 

Residency

Local and regional boards of education are statutorily required to provide free school accommodations to each child who is a permanent resident of the school district and is between the ages of five (5) and twenty-one (21) years old, provided they have not graduated high school.221 School administrators should (but do not always) determine your child’s residency status prior to his or her enrollment in the school district. If residency issues arise, your child’s school district has the right to exclude him or her from attending school if it is determined through a formal hearing (which will be discussed below) that your child resides in another district.

Where will my child be deemed a resident if I am divorced parent?

    If your child is part of a family in which you are married to or live with your child’s mother or father, your residence will be deemed your child’s permanent residence. Questions may arise when you are a divorced parent and your child spends equal time residing at each parent’s home. Under these circumstances, your child will be able to attend school in the school district in which either parent resides. If your child confirms living with both parents it is likely that the school board would allow you to choose the school district your child will attend even if your child may only spend half the time in that residence.  

What if my child lives with other family members or friends?

    There are circumstances in which your child may maintain residency and attend school in a school district in which neither one of his or her parents resides. Under these circumstances, it must be determined when your child established this permanent residency. Connecticut law states that, “children residing with relatives or nonrelatives, when it is the intention of such relatives or nonrelatives and the children or their parents or guardians that such residence is to be permanent, provided without pay and not for the sole purpose of obtaining school accommodations…shall be entitled to all free school privileges accorded to the resident children of the school district in which they then reside.”222 This statute confirms three key elements.
    First, such residency must be intended to be the permanent residency of your child. Although there is no clear-cut definition as to what this entails, there are certain factors that the state has set forth that may be relevant in determining whether this residence is in fact intended to be your child’s permanent place of living:
    -Where the majority of your child’s clothing and personal possessions are located.
    -Town of issue of a library card.
    -Where your child may attend religious services.
    -Place of club affiliations (e.g. cub scouts, boy scouts, etc.).
    -Where your child spends substantial time when school is not in session.
    -The place where your child would go if he or she left or was not permitted to attend school. 
    Second, the “provided without pay” provision was enacted to avoid payment to relatives or nonrelatives simply to enable your child to attend a certain school. Lastly, the “not for the sole purpose of education” provision was enacted to preclude your child from residing in a particular school district for the sole benefit of obtaining a free education. In order to make sure that these statutory requirements are satisfied, school districts may require submission of certain documentation as proof or they may even request a signed affidavit attesting to pertinent facts in support of compliance with the law. 

What type of documentation may I need to produce in order to establish my child’s residency in a particular town or school district?

    Your child’s board of education may require a parent, guardian, relative or nonrelative, emancipated minor or pupil eighteen (18) years of age or older to provide documentation sufficient to establish that your child’s residence is permanent, provided without pay and is not for the sole purpose of obtaining school accommodations.223 Documents that may be provided as proof of permanent residency include: copies of deeds, rental/lease agreements, tax bills, utility bills, driver’s license and voter registration cards.
    Furthermore, a signed affidavit may be requested by the school district in which your child attends school to assist in determining your child’s permanent residency. Prior to making the request for documentation or a signed affidavit attesting to your child’s residency, the school district must first specify in a written statement the basis upon which it has reason to believe that your child is not entitled to particular school accommodations.224  

What if my child’s home is located on a town boundary line?

    If your child resides in a dwelling (single, two or three family house or condominium unit) physically situated within the municipal boundaries of more than one town, he or she will be considered a resident of each town and may attend school in either school district.225 The town line must actually bisect your child’s dwelling edifice and not just the real property. If the boundary line traverses only the land, your child will only be eligible to attend school in the town in which the actual dwelling is located. 

What is the hearing process if my child’s residency status is challenged by the school district?

    If your child’s board of education denies school accommodations to your child based on residency, they must inform you as a parent of your due process right to a formal hearing and the basis for their conclusion that your child is ineligible for those particular school accommodations.226 Following proper notice, you have the right to request a formal hearing before your child’s board of education to challenge denial of schooling.227 The school board is obligated to convene such a hearing within ten (10) days after receipt by the school board of your written request for a hearing on the matter.228 You may be represented by counsel during this hearing, but at your own expense. You will have the opportunity to present evidence, cross-examine witnesses and make an argument regarding any issues that are in dispute. If your child has been denied school accommodations based on residency, you as a parent bear the burden of providing proof by a preponderance of the evidence regarding your child’s residency.229 The school board must make a stenographic record or tape recording of the hearing and issue a finding within ten (10) days following the hearing. You may request a copy of the transcript or recording and the school board must provide you with such within thirty (30) days of your request.230 During the hearing process, if you so choose, your child may continue attending school while the resolution of the matter is still pending.231  

Do I have the right to appeal a decision made by my child’s local board of education?

    As a parent you may appeal to the State Board of Education the decision of your child’s local board of education regarding its initial finding concerning your child’s residency status.232 As in the case of the initial hearing, your child may continue attendance at school pending the resolution of the appeal. Please note, that if an appeal is not taken to the State Board of Education within twenty (20) days of the mailing of the finding of the initial hearing then the decision of the local school board shall be final.233
     If an appeal is taken, the hearing board must render its decision within forty-five (45) days after the receipt of the notice of appeal. An extension may be granted at the discretion of the Commissioner of Education upon an application by either party describing the circumstances requiring an extension.234 If the hearing board on appeal decides that your child was not a resident of the school district and therefore was not entitled to free school accommodations, the board of education may assess and seek reimbursement of tuition against you, the parent. In the event of nonpayment, the board of education may seek to recover the reimbursement of tuition through available civil remedies.235 Finally, any party (parent/guardian or the school district) aggrieved by the findings of the State Board of Education may appeal to the Connecticut Superior Court.

    Please know that we at Maya Murphy stand ready to be of further service to you and your loved ones. My hope is this publication will narrow the divide between teachers, parents and children. If at any point there is something you don’t understand, call me. If there is a family that can use help, but can’t afford representation, let me know. We want to help every family, and importantly, every child. I can be reached via e-mail directly at JMaya@Mayalaw.com. You can also call my office at (203) 221-3100, or in New York at (212) 682-5700. 

Footnotes

148 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(4)(A)(i)-(ii) (2010).
149 Id. § 1232g(4)(B).
150 Id. § 1232g(d).
151 Id. 20 U.S.C. . § 1232g(b)(1)(H).
152 34 C.F.R. § 99.10(b) (2010).
153 Id. § 99.10(c).
154 Id. § 99.10(d)(1)-(2).
155 Id. § 99.10(e).
156 Id. § 99.12(a).
157 Id. § 99.4.
158 Id. § 99.20(a).
159 Id. § 99.20(b).
160 Id. § 99.20(c).
161 Id. § 99.21(a).
162 Id. § 99.22(c).
163 Id. § 99.22(d).
164 Id.
165 Id. § 99.22(f).
166 Id. § 99.21(b)(1)(i)-(ii).
167 Id. § 99.21(2).
168 Id. § 99.21(c)(1)-(2).
169 Id. § 99.30(a).
170 Id. § 99.30(d)(1)-(2).
171 Id. § 99.30(b)(1)-(3).
172 Id. § 99.30(c).
173 Id. § 99.31(1)(i)A).
174 Id. § 99.31(B)(1)-(3).
175 Id. § 99.31(ii).
176 Id. § 99.31.
177 Id. § 99.31(6)(i)(A)-(C).
178 Id. § 99.31(6)(i)(v).
179 Id. § 99.31(C)(1)-(3).
180 Id. § 99.31(C)(3).
181 Id. § 99.31(C)(4).
182 Id. § 99.31(6)(i)(iv).
183 2000 Conn. Pub. Acts. 00-220 § 1.
184 34 U.S.C. § 99.34(a)(1).
185 Id. § 99.34(a)(1)(i)-(ii).
186 Id. § 99.34(a)(2)-(3).
187 Id. § 99.31(9)(i).
188 Id. § 99.10(9)(ii).
189 Id. § 99.31(9)(iii)(A)-(B).
190 Id. § 99.38(a).
191 Id. § 99.38(b).
192 Id. § 99.31(10).
193 Id. § 99.36(b)(1)-(3).
194 Id. § 99.31(11).
195 Id. § 99.3(a).
196 Id. § 99.37(1)(2)-(3).
197 Id. § 99.63.
198 Id. § 99.60(b)(1)-(2).
199 Id. § 99.64(c).
200 Id. § 99.64(a).
201 Id. § 99.65(a).
202 Id. § 99.65(2).
203 Id. § 99.66(a).
204 Id. § 99.66(b).
205 Id. § 99.66(c)(1)-(2).
206 Id. § 99.67(a)(1)-(3).
207 Id. § 99.7(2)(i)-(iv).
208 Id. § 99.7(a)(3)(iii).
209 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-184.
210 Id.
211 Id.
212 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-189(d)(2).
213 Id.
214 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-185.
215 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-188.
216 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-198a(a).
217 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-200).
218 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-198a(b).
219 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-198a(c).
220 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-199.
221 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(a).
222 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-253(d).
223 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-253(d).
224 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-253(d).
225 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(a).
226 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(a).
227 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(b)(1).
228 Id.
229 Id.
230 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(2).
231 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(b)(1).
232 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(b)(2).
233 Id.
234 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(b)(3).
235 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §10-186(b)(4).